System Architecture

Layered Architecture

Four-tier architecture from global control plane to facility edge. Data flows northbound (aggregated events, metrics) and southbound (model updates, policy). No cross-region data replication; metadata-only sync for executive dashboards.

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  CONTROL PLANE (Global)                                             │
│  Orchestration | Model Registry | Governance | Key Mgmt (HSM)       │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                                    │
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  REGIONAL CLOUD (Per-Sovereignty)                                    │
│  Ingestion Gateway │ Stream Processor │ Knowledge Graph │ Process   │
│  Intelligence │ Governance │ Compliance Engine │ Audit │ Executive │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                                    │
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  EDGE LAYER (Per-Facility)                                           │
│  Edge AI Inference │ Local Graph Cache │ Process Intelligence      │
│  Workforce Augmentation │ Secure Gateway (mTLS)                     │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                                    │
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  PHYSICAL LAYER (OT/IT)                                              │
│  Sensors │ PLCs │ SCADA │ MES │ LIMS │ Cameras │ IIoT Gateways      │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                    

Edge Layer

Per-facility or per-line deployment. Full autonomy when cloud connectivity is severed.

• Latency-critical inference: sub-100ms anomaly detection, defect classification
• Offline resilience: full facility operation when cloud connectivity is severed
• Data minimization: pre-aggregation and filtering before upstream transmission
• Regulatory boundary: retain PHI/PII, trade secrets at facility

Cloud Layer

Regional deployment per data sovereignty. Kafka, Flink, Neo4j, governance modules.

• One dedicated region per data sovereignty boundary
• No cross-region data replication; metadata-only sync for global dashboards
• Event bus: Apache Kafka with tiered retention (hot/warm/cold)
• Throughput: 10⁹ events/day sustained; burst to 50k/sec per region

Security Model

• Zero trust: every request authenticated and authorized
• Service-to-service: mTLS + workload identity
• Encryption at rest: AES-256 (KMS-managed)
• Encryption in transit: TLS 1.3

Data Tiers

• Hot: 7 days, sub-second access for real-time dashboards
• Warm: 2 years, seconds for investigation and compliance
• Cold: 10+ years, archive and long-term audit

Compliance Standards

• FDA 21 CFR Part 11 (electronic records)
• EU GMP Annex 11
• ISO 27001 / SOC 2 Type II
• ISA/IEC 62443 (industrial cybersecurity)

Multi-Region Deployment

• One region per data sovereignty boundary; no cross-region data replication
• Hybrid on-prem + cloud; edge autonomous when disconnected
• RPO 15 min, RTO 1 hr for regional failover
• Metadata-only sync for global dashboards

AI Model Lifecycle

• Training → Validation → Staging → Production → Deprecation
• ONNX/TensorRT for edge; rollback on latency or accuracy drift
• Full lineage: training data, code, metrics; approval gates
• Continuous retraining; feedback loop from production

Enterprise Readiness

• 99.999% uptime target; N+2 redundancy; automated failover
• SLA tiers: Standard (99.9%), Premium (99.95%), Critical (99.99%)
• SOC 2 Type II, ISO 27001; 24/7 support for Critical tier
• Chaos engineering; quarterly DR drills